Section I Use of English
说明： 阅读以下文字。为每个编号的黑色选择最佳单词，并在答题卡1 上标记A、B、C 或D。（10 分）
哈伦·科本相信，如果你是一名作家，你就会找到时间；如果你是一名作家，你就会找到时间。如果你找不到时间，那么写作就不是首要任务，你就不是作家。对他来说，写作是一份__1__ 工作——一份和其他工作一样的工作。他对管道进行了__2__ 处理，指出管道工不会醒来并说他今天不能使用管道。
__3__，就像当今大多数作家一样，你要保住一份工作来支付账单，而不是__4__ 找到时间写作。但这并非不可能。它需要决心和专一。 __5__ 大多数畅销书作家在做其他事情谋生时开始写作。如今，即使是相当__6__的作家也常常不得不做其他工作来__7__他们的写作收入。
正如Harlan Coben 所说，这是__8__ 的优先事项。为了优先考虑写作，您必须__9__一些日常活动和一些您真正喜欢的事情。
根据您的__10__ 和您的生活方式，这可能意味着花更少的时间看电视或听音乐，尽管有些人可以写__11__ 他们听音乐。您可能需要__12__ 您所做的锻炼或运动量。你必须让社交媒体成为一项__13__ 活动，而不是日常耗时的__14__ 活动。与朋友的社交活动和与家人相处的时间可能会减少。这是一个_ 15_ 的学习曲线，而且并不总是让你受欢迎。
只有一件事你应该尝试留出至少一些时间，__16__你的写作，那就是阅读。任何写入都需要尽可能多、尽可能广泛地读取。这是唯一的__17__ 支持者——你离不开它。
时间是有限的。你年纪越大，__18__ 似乎就消失了。我们需要尽可能谨慎地使用它，并尽可能__19__，这意味着优先考虑活动，以便我们将大部分时间花在我们真正想做的事情上。如果你是一名作家，那就意味着__20__ 写作。
1. [A] 困难[B] 正常[C] 稳定[D] 愉快
2. [A] 结合[B] 比较[C] 困惑[D] 面对
3. [A] 如果[B] 虽然[C] 一次[D] 除非
4. [A] 足够[B] 奇怪[C] 错误[D] 容易
5. [A] 接受[B] 解释[C] 记住[D] 假设
6. [A] 众所周知[B] 深思熟虑[C] 消息灵通[D] 精心挑选
7. [A] 捐赠[B] 产生[C] 补充[D] 计算
8. [A] 原因[B] 目的[C] 问题[D] 条件
9. [A]突出显示[B]牺牲[C]继续[D]探索
10. [A] 关系[B] 兴趣[C] 记忆[D] 技能
11. [A] 直到[B] 因为[C] 而[D] 之前
12. [A] 忍受[B] 弥补[C] 坚持[D] 削减
13. [A] 聪明[B] 偶尔[C] 密集[D] 情绪化
14.[A]习惯[B]测试[C]决定[D]计划
15. [A] 强硬[B] 温柔[C] 快速[D] 有趣
16. [A] 代替[B] 负责[C]，响应[D]，此外
17. [A] 不可或缺[B] 创新[C] 无形[D] 即时
18. [A] 较迟钝[B] 较硬[C] 较安静[D] 较快
19. [A] 和平地[B] 慷慨地[C] 富有成效地[D] 感激地
20. [A] 最多[B] 依次[C] 平均[D] 最重要
Section II Reading comprehension
Part A
方向： 阅读以下四段内容。选择A、B、C 和D 来回答每段文章下面的问题。在答题卡1 上标记您的答案。（40 分）
Text 1
最近一个阳光明媚的日子，13,000 只鸡在拉里·布朗(Larry Brown) 位于德克萨斯州希纳(Shiner) 的40 英亩被风吹拂的土地上漫步。有些人在停放的汽车的阴凉处休息，另一些人则与奶牛一起喝水。这一切看起来都是随机的，但却是设计使然，是61 亿美元的一部分。鸡蛋行业的下一个赌注将是：气候友好型鸡蛋。
这些鸡蛋首次在货架上首次亮相，售价高达8 美元一打，仍然贴有有机和动物友好型标签，但它们也来自生活在农场的鸟类，这些农场使用再生农业特殊技术来培育肥沃的土壤，捕获温室气体。这些鸡蛋可以作为有助于应对气候变化的产品进行营销。
“我对我们的进展感到很兴奋，”布朗说，他为总部位于丹佛的Nest Fresh Eggs 收获鸡蛋，并增加了更多的覆盖作物来吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀供鸡吃。然后鸟类的排泄物可以给田地施肥。这些改进“使我们的母鸡能够觅食更高质量的天然饲料，这对土地、母鸡和我们向客户提供的鸡蛋都有好处。”
鸡蛋行业的推动是再生农场动物产品能否成为下一个优质产品的第一个重大考验。在不到十年的时间里，有机鸡蛋从在天然食品商店中被视为利基产品而被忽视，变成在沃尔玛出售。最近，人们对益生菌和植物性肉类也存在类似的质疑，但这两种产品都已成为超市的主要品类。如果可持续鸡蛋的推广成功，它可能会为再生牛肉西兰花等产品打开大门。
宾夕法尼亚州立大学布兰迪万分校农业经济学副教授朱莉·斯坦顿表示，再生产品可能很难推销，因为这个概念很难快速定义。这种农业对食品的改善（如果有的话）也是微乎其微的（尽管一些生产商说他们的鸡蛋含有更多的蛋白质）。
该行业押注，为自由放养、非转基因和牧场饲养鸡蛋等优质产品支付更多费用的消费者将接受可持续发展。调查显示，年轻一代更关心气候变化，植物性肉类的成功部分可以归因于购物者希望表达他们保护环境的愿望。约翰·布伦奎尔说，年轻人“真的关心地球”，他们对食物链的改变超出了我的想象，甚至他们都明白自己在做什么。 \’
21. 气候友好型鸡蛋的生产__________
[A] 以相当低的成本
[B] 应常客的需求
[C] 作为有机鸡蛋的替代品
[D] 在专门设计的农场上
22. 拉里·布朗对他在__________ 方面的进步感到兴奋
[A]减少蠕虫的伤害
[B] 加快废物处置
[C]创建可持续系统
[D] 吸引顾客购买他的产品
23. 第四段中使用有机鸡蛋的例子是为了建议________
[A] 对天然饲料的质疑
[B] 鸡蛋行业的挫折
[C]再生产品的潜力
[D]超市的促销成功
24. 从最后一段可以看出，年轻人__________
[A] 不愿意改变饮食习惯
[B] 可能会购买气候友好型鸡蛋
[C] 对新食物感到好奇
[D] 对农业进步感到惊讶
25. 约翰·布伦奎尔(John Brunnquell) 在__________ 的再生产品问题上不同意朱莉·斯坦顿(Julie Stanton) 的观点
[一]市场前景
[二]营养价值
[C]标准定义
[D]道德寓意
Text 2
越来越多的美国人选择充分工作直至退休，这一日益增长的趋势有可能颠覆旧的劳动力模式。
根据哈里斯民意调查(Harris Poll) 为德美利证券(TD Ameritrade) 进行的一项调查，在40 岁以上的美国人中，有三分之一已经或计划在退休后找到一份工作，为更长的生活做好准备。更令人惊讶的是，调查显示，超过一半的“未退休人员”（那些计划退休后工作或退休后重返工作岗位的人）表示，即使他们有足够的钱安定下来，他们也会在晚年找到工作。
财务需求并不是“不退休”趋势的唯一罪魁祸首。研究表明，其他原因包括个人满足感，例如保持精神健康、防止无聊或避免抑郁。
大约72% 的“未退休”受访者表示，他们会在退休后重返工作岗位以保持精神健康，而59% 的受访者表示，这与维持收支平衡有关。
德美利证券(TD Ameritrade) 退休高级经理克里斯汀·拉塞尔(Christine Russell) 表示，“退休的概念正在不断演变。” “这不仅仅是财务问题。工作的价值也促使人们在退休后继续工作。”
退休模式改变的原因之一： 美国人的寿命更长。根据美国人口普查局的数据，2018 年65 岁及以上人口比例为16%，比上年增长3.2%。自2010 年以来也增长了30.2%。
德美利证券研究对2000 名40 岁至79 岁之间的成年人进行了调查，结果显示，由于寿命更长，美国人也在增加储蓄以保存储蓄。十分之六的“未退休人员”正在增加储蓄，以期延长寿命。据调查。该公司表示，他们这样做最受欢迎的方式之一是减少总体开支、购买人寿保险或最大限度地增加对退休账户的缴款。
巴尔的摩财务规划公司Facet Wealth 的联合创始人布伦特·韦斯(Brent Weiss) 表示，不幸的是，许多选择退休后工作的人正准备这样做，因为他们担心晚年入不敷出。他建议退休前人士应与财务顾问交谈以设定长期财务目标。
Facet Wealth 联合创始人布伦特·韦斯(Brent Weiss) 告诉《今日美国》，“人生中最具挑战性的时刻是结婚、组建家庭和最终退休。” “这不仅仅是一个财务决定，也是一个情感决定。许多人认为他们无法退休。 \’
26. 哈里斯民意调查(Harris Poll) 进行的调查表明__________
[A] 超过一半的退休人员身体健康适合工作
[B] 老劳动力和年轻劳动力一样活跃
[C] 三分之一的美国人享受提前退休
[D] 更多美国人愿意在退休后工作
27. 从第3 段可以推断，美国人倾向于认为__________
[A] 退休可能会给他们带来问题
[B] 退休后可以缓解无聊
[C] 的
mental health of retirees is overlooked
[D] \”unretirement\” contributes to the economy
28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to __________
[A] labor shortages
[B] population growth
[C] longer life expectancy
[D] rising living costs
29. Many retires are increasing in savings by __________
[A] investing more in stocks
[B] taking up odd jobs
[C] getting well paid work
[D] spending less
30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are __________
[A] unprepared
[B] unafraid
[C] disappointed
[D] enthusiastic
Text 3
We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.
First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, \”dark patterns\” is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel, where user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.
In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.
Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company\’s user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding \”digital deception\”.
Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensures that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. The regulations aim to ban dark pattern—this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn\’t opt out.
As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.
31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns __________.
[A] improve user experiences
[B] leak user information for profit
[C] undermine users\’ decision-making
[D] remind users of hidden costs
32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show __________.
[A] their major flaws
[B] their complex designs
[C] their severe damage
[D] their strong presence
33. To handle digital deception, businesses should __________.
[A] listen to customer feedback
[B] talk with relevant teams
[C] turn to independent agencies
[D] rely on professional training
34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to __________.
[A] guide users through opt-out processes
[B] protect consumers from being tricked
[C] grant companies data privacy rights
[D] restrict access to problematic content
35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is __________.
[A] new legal requirements
[B] businesses\’ self -discipline
[C] strict regulatory standards
[D] consumers\’ safety awareness
Text 4
Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior, evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.
The researchers investigated one class sessions\’ impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students\’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead.
Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students. Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the study\’s duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.
That\’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention, Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: \”Easy come, easy go.\”
Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence – classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now there searchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistant\’s eating habits and students\’ video exposure Meanwhile Schwitzgebel who had predicted no effect-will be eating his words.
36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are __________.
[A] hard to determine
[B] narrowly interpreted
[C] difficult to ignore
[D] poorly summarized
37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating?
[A] It is common among students.
[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.
[C] It is important to students\’ health.
[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes
38. Eric Schwitzgebel\’s previous findings suggest that ethics professors __________.
[A] are seldom critical of their students
[B] are less sociable than other professors
[C] are not sensitive to political issues
[D] are not necessarily ethically better
39. Nina Strohminger thinks that effect of the intervention is __________.
[A] permanent
[B] predictable
[C] uncertain
[D] unrepeatable
40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students\’ change in behavior __________.
[A] can bring psychological benefits
[B] can be analyzed statistically
[C] is a result of multiple factors
[D] is a sign of self-development
Part B
Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] Make it a habit
[B] Don\’t go it alone
[C] Start low, go slow
[D] Talk with your doctor
[E] Listen to your body
[F] Go through the motions
[G] Round out your routine
How to Get Active Again
Getting back into exercise after a break can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it is important to get the right dose of activity. \”Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,\” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.
41. ___________________________
Don\’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. \”This isn\’t something you can do overnight,\” says Keri L. Denay, MD. lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages Americans to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic. But you\’ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.
42. ___________________________
If you\’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.
43. ___________________________
Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina. Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it\’s the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling or any other activity walking is also a great first step.
44. ___________________________
Even if you can\’t yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket swing like you\’re hitting the ball. Paddle like you\’re in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.
45. ___________________________
Exercising with others \”can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you\’re more likely to do it again,\” Jackovitz says. You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can\’t connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home. You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.
Section III Translation
46. Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Although we try out best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.
Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realize that when one door closes, another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become your second nature.
In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you are more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are planning a campus food festival, write an email to international students in your university to
1) introduce the food festival
2) invite them to participate
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Do not use your own name. Use \”Li Ming\” instead.
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments
You should write about 150 words in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题参考答案
Section I Use of English
1-5 BBADC 6-10 ACCBB 11-15 CDBAA 16-20 DADCD
Section II Reading Comprehension
21-25 DCCBA 26-30 DACDA 31-35 CDBBB 36-40 ABDCC
41-45 CEAFB
Section III Translation
46. 参考译文
虽然我们会竭尽全力，但有时我们的画作还是会和我们原本设想的不太一样。光线的变化、绘画材料的限制，以及经验和技巧的匮乏，都意味着你一开始想要达到的效果可能不会以你预期的形式呈现出来。
虽然这有点令人挫败和失望，但最后你会发现，这其实对你是有好处的。出人意料的结果会有两大益处：你很快会学会如何面对失望，并领悟到当一扇门关闭的同时，另一扇门会为你敞开。同样你也会很快学会适应，并想出有创意的解决方案，来应对你画作上所呈现的问题。同时，跳出思维定式将会成为你的第二本能。
事实上，富有创意的应对技巧在日常生活中极其有用。有了这些技巧,当你遇到问题时，你将更有把握能够解决它。
Section IV Writing
47. 参考范文
Dear International Students,
How are you doing these days! I am writing this letter for the purpose of telling all of you exciting news.
A campus food festival is going to be held at 9:00 a.m. on Dec 30th at the auditorium, and I need to tell you some relevant information for the smooth holding of this event. First of all, each student is required to bring some food that can represent your hometown cuisine. You can exchange your food with other students and share the food culture with each other. In addition, everyone in this campus is welcome to take part in this festival and I invite all of you to share the happiness together.
I would be honored if you could attend this event. I am looking forward to meeting you there.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
文章翻译：
亲爱的国际学生,
你们最近好吗?我写这封信的目的是告诉你们所有人一个令人兴奋的消息。
12月30日上午9点在大礼堂有一个校园美食节，为了这次活动的顺利举行，我需要告诉你们一些相关信息。首先，要求每个学生带一些能代表自己家乡的美食。你可以和其他学生交换你的食物，分享彼此的饮食文化。此外，欢迎校园里的每一个人参加这个节日，我邀请你们一起来分享这份快乐。
如果你们能参加这次活动，我将不胜荣幸。我期待在那里见到你。
你真诚的，李明
48. 参考范文
What is clearly presented in the bar chart is the information concerning the business volume of overall and rural express in China. According to the data above, we can see that the number of the former rose from 51 billion in 2018 to 64 billion in 2019, and reached 83 billion in 2020. Meanwhile, that of the latter also apparently ascended from 12 billion to 15 billion, and ultimately to 30 billion.
The driving factors behind this phenomenon can be summarized as follows. Firstly, as we all know, the economic basis determines the superstructure, so the booming economy plays a crucial role in the residents’ greater purchase power, especially those living in villages, making the delivery business be a prevailing trend. Besides, the improvement of transport infrastructure and broadband services has encouraged villages in previously remote areas to place orders on the Internet. Thirdly, the privileged policies issued by relevant authorities promote the consistent surge in the advancement of this industry, from which even the rural areas benefit significantly.
In view of the above reasons, it’s not surprising to find out that with the combination of improved living levels, transport improvement and government policies, this trend will continue in the forthcoming days.
文章翻译：
在这个柱状图中我们可以清楚的看到中国整体快递和农村快递业务量的信息。根据以上数据，我们可以看到，前者的数量从2018年的510亿上升到2019年的640亿，到2020年达到了830亿。与此同时，后者也从120亿增加到150亿，最终增加到300亿。
用户评论
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