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第一部分写作（30 分钟）

Directions: 对于这一部分，您有30 分钟的时间写一篇关于创新的短文。你的论文应包括创新的重要性以及鼓励创新所采取的措施。您需要写至少150 字但不超过200 字。

第三部分阅读理解（40 分钟）

A部分

Directions: 在本节中，有一段有十个空格。您需要从文章后面的单词库中给出的选项列表中为每个空白选择一个单词。在做出选择之前仔细阅读该段落。银行中的每个选择都由一个字母标识。请在答题卡2 上的每个项目上用一条穿过中心的单线标记相应的字母。您不得多次使用银行中的任何单词。

《指环王》中的树人——树人——可以步行出行。但对于真正的树来说，连根拔起就更困难了。因为它们确实扎根于地下，所以无法离开并前往-26 – 。

26._______

A) 年龄B) 呼吸C) 气候D) 其他地方E) 完全

F) 永远G) 硕果累累H) 栖息地I) 遗产J) 显着

K) 后代L) 重新种植M) 随后N) 脆弱O) 退出

【答案】26.D

当一棵树第一次在某个区域开始生长时，-27- 范围（温度、湿度、降雨模式等）很可能适合它。否则，它就无法从幼苗中成长起来。但随着它-28-，这些条件可能会改变，它周围的区域可能不再适合它-29-。

27._______ 28._______ 29._______

A) 年龄B) 呼吸C) 气候D) 其他地方E) 完全

F) 永远G) 硕果累累H) 栖息地I) 遗产J) 显着

K) 后代L) 重新种植M) 随后N) 脆弱O) 退出

【答案】27 C 28.A 29.K

当这种情况发生时，许多树木，如核桃、橡树和松树，就会依赖-30- 所谓的“分散囤积者”，例如鸟类，将种子转移到新的地方。许多鸟类喜欢储存过冬的食物，然后它们-31- 取回食物。当鸟儿忘记取回食物时（有时它们会忘记取回食物），幼苗就有机会生长。例如，克拉克胡桃夹鸟每年隐藏多达10万颗种子，距离种子源最远30公里，与多种松树物种（其中最多为32种白皮松）有着非常密切的共生关系。

30._______ 31._______ 32._______

A) 年龄B) 呼吸C) 气候D) 其他地方E) 完全

F) 永远G) 硕果累累H) 栖息地I) 遗产J) 显着

K) 后代L) 重新种植M) 随后N) 脆弱O) 退出

【答案】30。东31. 米32. J

面对气候变化，随着树木的生长超出了其理想的-33- 范围，这些飞行生态系统工程师可能会为-34- 树木提供很大帮助。这对我们来说是一个解决方案——让鸟类来做这项工作既便宜又有效——而且它可以给-35-橡树和松树提供真正“像树一样然后离开”的选择。

33._______34. _______35。 _______

A) 年龄B) 呼吸C) 气候D) 其他地方E) 完全

F) 永远G) 硕果累累H) 栖息地I) 遗产J) 显着

K) 后代L) 重新种植M) 随后N) 脆弱O) 退出

【答案】33高34。长35 北

B部分

Directions: 在本节中，您将阅读一段附有十个陈述的段落。每条陈述都包含其中一个段落中给出的信息。确定信息来源的段落。您可以多次选择一个段落。每条陈述都包含其中一个段落中给出的信息。段落标有字母。通过在答题卡2 上标记相应的字母来回答问题。

美国工作场所已破碎。我们可以从这里开始修复它。

[A] 美国人的工作时间比以往任何时候都更长、更辛苦。 83% 的员工表示他们的工作压力很大，近50% 的员工表示与工作相关的压力干扰了他们的睡眠，60% 的员工在正常工作时间之外使用智能手机查看工作情况。难怪全球只有13% 的员工感到自己对自己的职业很投入。

[B] 然而，在这种悲惨的环境中，希望的曙光开始出现： 美国人开始意识到他们的工作给他们带来的损失，雇主正在探索减轻压力和过度工作的有害影响的方法。然而，还有很多工作要做。将压力称为流行病并不夸张。 83% 的美国员工因工作而感到压力（一年前这一比例为73%），他们表示，低薪和不合理的工作量是他们的首要压力来源。如果您怀疑工作场所的压力比几十年前更大，那么您是对的。从1983 年到2009 年，女性的压力水平增加了18%，男性的压力水平增加了24%。压力也开始出现在生命的早期，一些数据表明，当今的青少年比成年人承受的压力更大。

[C] 压力正在对我们的健康造成重大损害，集体公共卫生成本可能是巨大的。职业压力会增加心脏病和糖尿病的风险，加速衰老过程，缩短寿命，并导致抑郁和焦虑，以及许多其他负面健康结果。总体而言，与压力相关的健康问题占到医院就诊的比例高达90%，其中许多问题是可以预防的。正如《华盛顿邮报》所说，你的工作“简直就是要了你的命”。这也损害了我们的关系。在职父母表示，他们感到压力、疲倦、匆忙，并且与孩子、朋友和伴侣相处的优质时间很短。

[D] 十分之七的员工表示，他们很难维持工作与生活的平衡。随着技术（以及随之而来的工作电子邮件）渗透到我们生活的各个方面，工作与生活的平衡已经成为一个几乎毫无意义的术语。菲利斯·莫恩(Phyllis Moen) 表示，如果加上快速变化的经济和不确定的未来，这种24/7 的连接性就会导致你过度劳累。 “工作需求不断增加，加上兼并、收购、裁员和其他因素带来的不安全感，”莫恩说。 “工作与生活问题的一部分必须讨论未来的不确定性。”

[E] 这些因素汇聚在一起，造成了越来越不可能的情况，许多员工过度工作到了精疲力竭的地步。这不仅对工人来说是不可持续的，对雇用他们的公司来说也是不可持续的。科学表明，工人的高压力水平与缺勤、生产力下降、脱离和高流动率之间存在明显的相关性。太多的工作场所政策禁止员工休假，即使在他们最需要的时候，也实际上阻碍了他们建立健康的工作与生活平衡。

[F] 根据2007 年的一项研究，美国远远落后于所有拥有家庭友好型工作政策（包括带薪育儿假、带薪病假和母乳喂养支持）的富裕国家和许多发展中国家。美国也是唯一一个不保证工人带薪休假的发达经济体，也是世界上仅有的两个不提供保证带薪产假的国家之一。但即使员工获得带薪休假，工作场所的规范和期望也会迫使他们过度工作，从而阻碍他们享受带薪休假。有带薪假期的全职员工平均只使用了一半的假期。

[G] 我们现代的工作场所也是根据过时的时间限制运作的。每天八小时上班打卡的做法是工业革命时代遗留下来的，正如当时流行的一句话“八小时劳动、八小时娱乐、八小时休息”所反映的那样。

[H] 我们一直坚持这种工作日结构，但由于我们的数字设备，许多员工从未真正下班。如今，美国人平均每天工作8.8 小时，而且大多数专业人士在晚上、周末甚至假期还要花额外的时间检查工作。问题不在于技术本身，而在于该技术被用来为雇主而不是雇员创造更多的灵活性。在竞争激烈的工作环境中，雇主能够利用技术对员工提出更多要求，而不是通过对员工有利的灵活性来激励员工。

[I] 在去年发表的一项研究中，心理学家创造了“工作场所远程压力”一词来描述员工立即回复电子邮件的冲动，以及对将电子邮件回复给老板、同事或客户的强迫性想法。研究人员发现，远程压力是工作压力的主要原因，随着时间的推移，这会导致身心倦怠。在参与这项研究的300 名员工中，那些经历过高水平远程压力的员工更有可能同意评估职业倦怠的说法，例如“我早上没有精力去上班”，并表示感到疲劳和注意力不集中。远程压力也与睡眠质量差和缺勤有关。

[J] 哈佛商学院教授莱斯利·珀洛(Leslie Perlow) 解释说，当人们感受到始终“在线”的压力时，他们会找到方法来适应这种压力，包括改变自己的日程安排、工作习惯以及与家人和朋友的互动。 Perlow 将这种恶性循环称为“响应能力循环”。 一旦老板和同事体验到员工响应能力的提高，他们就会增加对员工时间的要求。因为不接受这些增加的要求表明缺乏对工作的承诺，所以员工会遵守。

[K] 为了解决员工压力水平飙升的问题，许多公司都制定了工作场所健康计划，并与医疗保健提供者合作，制定了促进员工健康和福祉的计划。一些研究确实表明这些计划有希望。健康保险公司Aetna 开展的一项针对员工的研究显示，大约四分之一参加办公室瑜伽和正念课程的员工表示，他们的压力水平降低了28%，并且

20% improvement in sleep quality. These less-stressed workers gained an average of 62 minutes per week of productivity. While yoga and meditation (静思)are scientifically proven to reduce stress levels, these programs do little to target the root causes of burnout and disengagement. The conditions creating the stress are long hours, unrealistic demands and deadlines, and work-life conflict.

[L] Moen and her colleagues may have found the solution. In a 2011 study, she investigated the effects of implementing a Results Only Work Environment (ROWE) on the productivity and well-being of employees at Best Buy’s corporate headquarters.

[M] For the study, 325 employees spent six months taking part in ROWE, while a control group of 334 employees continued with their normal workflow. The ROWE participants were allowed to freely determine when, where and how they worked—the only thing that mattered was that they got the job done. The results were striking. After six months, the employees who participated in ROWE reported reduced work-family conflict and a better sense of control of their time, and they were getting a full hour of extra sleep each night. The employees were less likely to leave their jobs, resulting in reduced turnover. It’s important to note that the increased flexibility didn’t encourage them to work around the clock. “They didn’t work anywhere and all the time—they were better able to manage their work,” Moen said. “Flexibility and control is key,” she continued.

36. Workplace norms pressure employees to overwork, deterring them from taking paid time off.

【答案】]F

37. The overwhelming majority of employees attribute their stress mainly to low pay and an excessive workload.

【答案】B

38. According to Moen, flexibility gives employees better control over their work and time.

【答案】M

39. Flexibility resulting from the use of digital devices benefits employers instead of employees.

【答案】H

40. Research finds that if employees suffer from high stress, they will be less motivated, less productive and more likely to quit.

【答案】E

41. In-office wellness programs may help reduce stress levels, but they are hardly an ultimate solution to the problem.

【答案】K

42. Health problems caused by stress in the workplace result in huge public health expenses.

【答案】C

43. If employees respond quickly to their job assignments, the employer is likely to demand more from them.

【答案】J

44. With technology everywhere in our life, it has become virtually impossible for most workers to keep a balance between work and life.

【答案】D

45. In America today, even teenagers suffer from stress, and their problem is even more serious than grown-ups’.

【答案】B

Section C

Directions: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B)，C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Dr. Donald Sadoway at MIT started his own battery company with the hope of changing the world’s energy future. It’s a dramatic endorsement for a technology most people think about only when their smartphone goes dark. But Sadoway isn’t alone in trumpeting energy storage as a missing link to a cleaner, more efficient, and more equitable energy future.

Scientists and engineers have long believed in the promise of batteries to change the world. Advanced batteries are moving out of specialized markets and creeping into the mainstream, signaling a tipping point for forward-looking technologies such as electric cars and rooftop solar panels.

The ubiquitous(无所不在的)battery has already come a long way, of course. For better or worse, batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles, our screen culture, our increasingly globalized world. Still, as impressive as all this is, it may be trivial compared with what comes next. Having already enabled a communications revolution, the battery is now poised to transform just about everything else.

The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones, tablets, and laptops, but also our cars, homes, and even whole communities. In emerging economies, rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power. Instead, some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.

Today, energy storage is a $33 billion global industry that generates nearly 100 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year. By the end of the decade, it’s expected to be worth over $50 billion and generate 160 gigawatt-hours, enough to attract the attention of major companies that might not otherwise be interested in a decidedly pedestrian technology. Even utility companies, which have long viewed batteries and alternative forms of energy as a threat, are learning to embrace the technologies as enabling rather than disrupting.

Today’s battery breakthroughs come as the world looks to expand modem energy access to the billion or so people without it, while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet. Those simultaneous challenges appear less overwhelming with increasingly better answers to a centuries-old question: how to make power portable.

To be sure, the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the weekly trip to the gas station. A battery-powered world comes with its own risks, too. What happens to the centralized electric grid, which took decades and billions of dollars to build, as more and more people become “prosumers,” who produce and consume their own energy onsite?

No one knows which—if any—battery technology will ultimately dominate, but one thing remains clear. The future of energy is in how we store it.

46. What does Dr. Sadoway think of energy storage?

A) It involves the application of sophisticated technology.

B) It is the direction energy development should follow.

C) It will prove to be a profitable business.

D) It is a technology benefiting everyone.

【答案】B

47. What is most likely to happen when advanced batteries become widely used?

A) Mobile-first lifestyles will become popular.

B) The globalization process will be accelerated.

C) Communications will take more diverse forms.

D) The world will undergo revolutionary changes.

【答案】D

48. In some rural communities of emerging economies, people have begun to .

A) find digital devices simply indispensable

B) communicate primarily by mobile phone

C) light their homes with stored solar energy

D) distribute power with wires and wooden poles

【答案】C

49. Utility companies have begun to realize that battery technologies .

A) benefit their business

B) transmit power faster

C) promote innovation

D) encourage competition

【答案】A

50. What does the author imply about the centralized electric grid?

A) It might become a thing of the past.

B) It might turn out to be a “prosumer.”

C) It will be easier to operate and maintain.

D) It will have to be completely transformed.

【答案】A

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

More than 100 years ago, American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people. He spoke out against the idea of “white” and “black” as distinct groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.

Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. In an article published in the journal Science, four scholars say racial categories need to be phased out.

“Essentially，I could not agree more with the authors,” said Svante Paabo, a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines, the full genomes (基因组)of James Watson and Craig Venter, two famous American scientists of European ancestry, were compared to that of a Korean scientist, Seong-Jin Kim. It turned out that Watson and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic sequences than they each shared with Kim. Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia, said that modem genetics research is operating in a paradox: on the one hand, race is understood to be a useful tool to illuminate human genetic diversity, but on the other hand, race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity.

Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races could be particularly dangerous in a medical setting. “If you make clinical predictions based on somebody’s race, you’re going to be wrong a good chunk of the time, Yudell told Live Science. In the paper, he and his colleagues used the example of cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a “white” disease.

So what other variables could be used if the racial concept is thrown out? Yudell said scientists need to get more specific with their language, perhaps using terms like “ancestry” or “population” that might more precisely reflect the relationship between humans and their genes, on both the individual and population level. The researchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research: as a political and social, but not biological, variable.

“While we argue phasing out racial terminology (术语)in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities (差异) between groups.”. Yudell said

51. Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as .

A) a basis for explaining human genetic diversity

B) an aid to understanding different populations

C) an explanation for social and cultural differences

D) a term to describe individual human characteristics

【答案】C

52. The study by Svante Paabo served as an example to show .

A) modem genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflicts

B) race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity

C) race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity

D) genetics research should consider social and cultural variables

【答案】B

53. The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that

A) it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis

B) it is important to include social variables in genetics research.

C) racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions

D) discrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatment

【答案】C

54. What is Yudell’s suggestion to scientists?

A) They be more precise with the language they use.

B) They refrain from using politically sensitive terms.

C) They throw out irrelevant concepts in their research.

D) They examine all possible variables in their research.

【答案】A

55. What can be inferred from Yudell’s remark in the last paragraph?

A) Clinging to racism prolongs inequity and discrimination.

B) Physiological disparities are quite striking among races.

C) Doing away with racial discrimination is challenging.

D) Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study.

【答案】D

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

农业是中国的一个重要产业，从业者超过3亿。中国农业产量全球第一，主要生产水稻、小麦和豆类。 虽然中国的农业用地仅占世界的百分之十，但为世界百分之二十的人口提供了粮食。中国7700年前开始 种植水稻。早在使用机械和化肥之前，勤劳和富有创造性的中国农民就已经采用各种各样的方法来增加农 作物产量。中国农业最新的发展是推进有机农业。有机农业可以同时服务于多种目的，包括食品安全、大众健康和可持续发展。