合同文件是双方签署的法律文件，必须遵守，因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性。英文合同条款的特点之一是词语表达的含义准确，使双方都能理解合同中使用的词语。毫无疑问，它是一个具有契约文体特征的标准词汇。 1. 特此英文定义： by 意思是， 因这个中文翻译： 特此，因此，特此用法： 常用于法律文件、合同、协议等正式文件的开头词；当需要强调术语时也可以使用它。语法：一般放在主语之后，紧邻主语。示例1：雇主特此承诺，考虑到工程的实施和完成以及其中缺陷的补救，向承包商支付合同价或根据当时和在合同规定下可能应付的其他款项。合同规定的方式。

业主特此订立合同，保证在合同规定的期限内，按照合同规定的方式向承包商支付合同价款或合同规定的其他应付款项，作为建设、竣工和竣工的补偿。修复项目中的缺陷。

例三：本合同由公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于中国（日期）、中国（地点）签订，本着以下原则：平等互利，友好协商。

本合同双方，本公司（以下简称甲方）和本公司（以下简称乙方），在平等互利的基础上，于中国（地点）经友好协商签订本合同。 年、月、日。

例四：本协议由中国有限公司（以下简称甲方）与中国有限公司（以下简称乙方）于（日期）签订。

本协议由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与本公司（以下简称乙方）于

无论港口海关是否违反本款规定，货方均应日夜不间断地提供和收取货物，包括周日和节假日（如果承运人要求）。货方应对因违反本款规定而造成的所有损失或损害（包括滞期费）承担责任。

例二本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。

本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。

例三设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司应当遵守本法的条件和规定。符合本法规定的条件和规定的公司，可以登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司。但不符合本法规定的条件和规定的，不得登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司。

设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司、股份有限公司。

例四仲裁员因回避或者其他原因不能履行仲裁员职责的，应当按照本规则的规定另行选任或者指定仲裁员。

仲裁员因回避或者其他原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选任或者指定。

例五本法施行前制定、制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法规定相冲突的，以本法规定为准。各规定有冲突的，以本法为准。

例六依法认定有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形的，负有赔偿义务的组织应当给予赔偿。有本规定第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求单位拒绝予以确认的，申诉人有权提出申诉。索赔人要求赔偿的，应当首先向承担赔偿义务的组织提出索赔。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。

有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，依法认定的，由负责赔偿的机关给予赔偿。赔偿请求人请求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一，被请求机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权提出上诉。赔偿请求人应当首先向负责赔偿的机关提出请求。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。

例七仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定情形之一，情节严重或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定情形之一的，应当依法承担法律责任和责任。仲裁委员会应当将有关仲裁员的姓名从仲裁员名单中删除。

仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四款规定情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六款规定情形的，依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其从名单中删除。

例八依照本法规定，负有审批职责的主管机关对符合本法规定的条件和规定的申请不予批准，或者公司登记机关对符合本法规定的公司申请不予登记的当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。依照本法规定，履行审批职责的有关主管机关对符合本法规定条件的申请不予批准，或者公司登记负责人不予登记的，当事人可以申请依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。

例九有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工犯本法第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪，适用本决定。

有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。

例10本法施行前登记设立的公司，应当依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规的规定，并按照有关部门颁布的《有限责任公司标准意见》或者股份有限公司标准意见的规定，国务院主管部门继续存在。不完全符合本法要求的公司，应当在规定的期限内符合本法要求。本法的具体实施办法由国务院另行制定。

本法施行前已登记的公司，依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规以及国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》、《股份有限公司规范意见》的规定继续保留。不完全具备本法规定条件的，应当在规定期限内具备本法规定条件。具体实施办法由国务院另行制定。

例十一本法所称公平竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

本法所称不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

因履行本合同而发生的一切争议，双方应友好协商解决。协商不能解决的，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决为终局裁决，对双方均具有约束力。仲裁费用由败诉方承担，仲裁委员会另有决定的除外。例2“专利技术”是指乙方目前拥有或将来将获得的、或乙方拥有或可能有权控制的、或被允许的该专利及该专利的申请。在本合同生效期间在世界任何或所有国家转让，并且适用于或可用于制造本合同双方指定的合同产品。 “专利技术”是指乙方目前拥有的技术或将来获得的、或乙方拥有或可能拥有控制权、或在世界任何国家许可转让的技术。本合同有效，并适用或可能适用于本合同双方制造本合同规定的产品。示例3 “技术文件”是指本协议附录1中规定的数据和信息，例如与合同产品的制造和维护有关的工程、制造和原始信息，包括图纸、蓝图、设计表、材料规格、照片、与制造设备、工具和设施有关的影印机和一般数据、设计及其规格。但上述信息应为仅供乙方掌握并适用于甲方在本合同项下的业务经营的信息。 “技术数据”是指附件1中列出的与合同产品的制造和维护有关的工程、制造和原始数据，包括图纸、蓝图、设计图、材料规格、照片、影印数据以及相关的制造设备、工具和装置。一般信息、设计和说明等，但上述信息仅限于乙方拥有的信息和甲方用于本合同项下商业活动的信息。例4 如果乙方要求审计甲方账目，乙方应在收到甲方根据本合同第3.4款发出的书面通知后10天内将有关事项通知甲方。具体账务审计内容和程序详见附件4。

乙方如需审计甲方账务，应在收到甲方书面通知后10日内按照本合同上述第3.4条的规定通知甲方。具体审核内容和程序详见本文件。合同附件4. 示例5 本协议双方同意，本协议任何一方应立即、全面地将任何此类事项通知本协议另一方，包括相关方可能发现、做出的改进、修改、进一步发明或设计。或针对许可产品或其组件的制造和组装进行开发。发现、制造或开发有关主题的一方可以自费并以自己的名义申请专利证书或采取其他必要的法律措施来保护该主题，由此产生的任何专利应属于该方问题。另一方可以在本协议有效期内以符合本协议的任何方式使用和销售利用此类改进、修改、进一步发明或设计（无论是否已获得专利）的产品，而无需支付任何费用和特许权使用费。

本协议双方同意，一方应立即通知另一方该方就许可产品或组件的生产和组装所做的所有改进、修改、更新的发明或设计。改进的一方可以自费、以自己的名义申请专利或者采取其他必要的法律保护程序，所形成的专利权归该方所有。在本协议有效期内，另一方可以以不违反本协议的方式无偿使用和销售通过改进、修改或更新发明或设计（无论是否获得专利）而生产的产品。示例6 本协议双方同意Y 应向FCAM 提供制造产品的某些许可和技术援助。 FCAM与Y之间将签订的技术援助协议视为附件2（以下简称“技术援助协议”）。本协议双方同意，Y向FCAM提供与产品生产相关的许可和技术服务，FCAM与Y签订技术服务协议，作为本协议附件2（以下简称“技术服务协议”）服务协议》）。示例7 本协议双方同意并确保FCAM 将在实际可能的最大范围内使用Y 要求的表格来获取FCAM 向本协议双方提供的管理和财务信息数据，并且FCAM 应准备并保存会计和财务记录及账簿，以供本协议任何一方检查或审计。

本协议双方同意确保FCAM将在可行的最大范围内使用Y要求的表格，以便FCAM向协议双方提供管理和财务信息材料； FCAM应建立会计和财务账目供双方准备。检查或审核。示例8 本协议双方同意，双方授权管理FCAM的董事会负责批准公司的总体业务管理计划，并监督该计划的执行。但该业务管理计划应提交本协议双方审查和批准。

本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会负责公司整体业务计划的审批和监督。商业计划需提交协议双方审核批准。示例9 本协议双方同意并将促使FCAM 同意，Y 将向FCAM 出售，FCAM 将向Y 购买所有此类专用机器

inery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.

本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.

本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务

四 herein 英文释义:in this 中文译词:此中，于此用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereafter called Goods including services).

本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.

为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.

本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated. Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.

犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).

除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof (including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.

除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.

代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。例8 All the rights provided for herein (in this Contract) shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.

本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows:据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments. All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes. The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.

借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。

五 hereinafter 英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。例1： In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.

根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由 公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the Peoples Republic of China:(1) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2) branches of foreign bank in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3) banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4) finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies); and(5) finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司）（五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as enterprises with foreign investment) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.

已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC) for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.

申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Company Law) in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.

为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals (hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders) and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations (hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders) may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as the Company).为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外国股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织（以下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司（以下简称公司）。例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies (hereinafter referred to as investment company) in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.

为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities (hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).

本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (hereinafter called the Examination-Approval Authorities) of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce (hereinafter called the registration authorities) of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan.外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。

六 therein 英文释义:in that; in that particular; in that respect中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.

临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by:

没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein. This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.

借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.

在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.

借款人有充分的权力订立本协议，借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产生的义务，上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition. Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.

承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障负责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons (drawers) by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof. If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.

当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损失或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。

七. Thereof 英文释义: of that, of it 中文译词:由此,其用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。例1： When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.

买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时，应给卖方有关这方面的通知。例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented. Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法律的规定执行；法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.当事人申请仲裁，应当向仲裁委员会递交仲裁协议、仲裁申请书及副本。例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest (or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest (or to take other legal process in lieu thereof) when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.

托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification. If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.

如果卖方自己制订规格，他必须将所制订的规格的细节通知买方，而且必须规定一段合理时间，让买方可以在该段时间内制订出不同的规格。如果买方在收到该通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，则卖方所订的规格应具有约束力。例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment. Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.

外商投资的有限责任公司适用本法，有关中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业的法律另有规定的，适用其规定。例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.竣工时间是指合同规定从工程开工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.

在承包人提交投标书之前，业主应向承包人提供由业主或业主代表根据对该项工程的勘察所取得的水文地质资料，但是承包人应对他自己对上述资料的解释负责。例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.

规范是指合同中包括的工程规范，以及根据第95条规定的或由承包商提出并经工程师批准的对规范的任何修改或增补。例5： The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.

工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分时，则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。例6： The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent (0.5%) per annum on the Total Loan Commitment. The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract (inclusive) to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date (but excluding the day in question). The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。例7： If one or more of the following events of default (hereinafter called “Event of Default\\\”) occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a) The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.

如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件（以下称违约事件），或该违约事件正在继续，代理行以及各行应行使第11.2款规定的救济方法。（1）借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。

九. Whereas 释义: considering that, 鉴于，就……而论（法律用语）用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。语法：紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。例1：Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows:鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方；鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品；双方授权代表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订本合同：例2： Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products; andWhereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; andWhereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；双方兹就下列内容达成一致：例3： Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：例4： Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars (US $1,000,000) under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement; andWhereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:

鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已向银行要求向借款人提供一笔本金为100万美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期贷款；鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已准备向借款人提供此项定期贷款；据此，以双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致。例5： Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China (hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”). The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.

鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。

十. whereby释义: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议, 凭此条款等 用法: 常用于合同协议书中，以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。语法: 紧接于要修饰词之后。例1：For the purposes of these articles, the expressions “Documentary Letter(s) of Credit” and “Standby Letter(s) of Credit” used herein (hereinafter referred to as Credit(s), mean an arrangement or an agreement, whatever named or described, whereby a bank (the issuing bank), acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the applicant for the credit),(i) will make payments to or to the order of a third party (the beneficiary), or will pay or accept bills of exchange (drafts) drawn by the beneficiary, or(ii) will authorize another bank to effect such payment, or will pay, accept or negotiate such bill of exchange (drafts), against stipulated documents.注释：（1） Documentary Letter(s) of Credit” and “Standby Letter(s) of Credit”：“跟单信用证”和“备用信用证”（2） mean an arrangement or an agreement：意指一项约定（3） whereby：根据此约定，凭此协议（4） the issuing bank：开证行（5） the applicant for the credit：信用证申请人（6） the order of a third party (the beneficiary)：第三方指定人（受益人）（7） accept bills of exchange (drafts)：承兑汇票（8） negotiate such bill of exchange (drafts)：议付该汇票参考译文：就本条文而言，文中使用的“跟单信用证”和“备用信用证”（以下称“信用证”），不论如何命名或描述，意指一项约定，根据此约定，银行（开证行）依照客户（信用证申请人）的要求和指示，根据规定的单据，（i）向第三方（受益人）或其指定人进行付款，或支付或承兑受益人开立的汇票，或（ii）授权另一家银行进行该项付款，或支付承兑或议付该汇票。例2：A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object.参考译文：买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。例3：A contract for supply and use of electricity refers to a contract whereby the supplier of electricity supplies electricity to the user of electricity, and the user of electricity pays the electric fee.参考译文：供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。例4：A donation contract refers to a contract whereby the donator donates gratis its property to the donee, and the donee expresses the acception of the donation.参考译文：赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同。